Bismillah..
Kesihatan umum atau public health ini merujuk kepada kesihatan masyarakat umumnya dan juga pengkhususan dalam bidang pergigian yang mengurus kesihatan mulut dalam masyarakat berbanding individu. Pakar perlu menasihati dan menggalakan polisi untuk mempromosikan penjagaan mulut yang baik dan terlibat dengan aktiviti yang memelihara masyarakat daripada preventable disease dan juga kemudharatan yang lain. Praktis public health ini juga dikenali dengan nama
*public health dentistry
* community dentistry
bergantung kepada saintifik asas dalam epidemiology, yang mana berkaitan dengan study of distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. Semua dentist perlu sedar akan faktor sosial dan persekitaran yang mempengaruhi status kesihatan pesakit tersebut.
Ukuran kepada public health untuk faktor individu seperti kandungan florida dalam air dan tempat kerja yang bebas daripada tembakau. Faktor kepada masyarakat pula seperti kawasan perumahan, nutrisi dan employment adalah sama atau signfikan. Dentist jarang boleh rawat faktor sosial kepada individu pesakit walaupun mereka sepatutnya rujuk pesakit tersebut kepada social service yang lain. Walau bagaimana pun mereka boleh menyumbang secara tidak langsung kepada solusi jangka masa panjang dengan partisipasi dalam public health dan aktiviti pendidikan kesihatan, memantau dan melaporkan persekitaran yang berbahaya, mengenal pasti dan menghebahkan kesan kesihatan daripada masalah sosial seperti penderaan, dan menggalakkan penambahbaikan untuk perkhdmatan kesihatan umum.
Kadang2 kehendak public health boleh menghadapi konflik dengan individu pesakit.
Contohnya, apabila notification diperlukan untuk penyakit berjangkit atau kes penderaan. Ini adalah contoh kes dual loyalty. Secara umumnya, dentist perlu berusaha untuk minimumkan bahaya kepada individu pesakit yang mungkin akan sengsara selepas memenuhi tuntutan public health. Contohnya, apabila melaporkan sesuatu kes, confidentiality pesakit perlu dijaga dengan sebaiknya.
Terdapat konflik yang berlaku antara kehendak pesakit dan masayarakat apabila dentist disuruh untuk membantu pesakit untuk mendapatkan keuntungan yang tidak layak bagi pesakit untuk menerimanya, contohnya pembayaran insuran. Dentist punya kuasa untuk 'membantu' pesakit dalam hal ini dan melayakkan pesakit untuk menerimanya. Walaupun ada sesetengah dentist yang rela utk certificate ini mereka sepatutnya membantu pesakit yang tidak melibatkan unethical behaviour.
Showing posts with label dental ethics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label dental ethics. Show all posts
Saturday, 8 August 2015
Resource allocation
Bismillah...
Setiap negara di dunia ini termasuklah negara kaya, ada gap yang besar antara keperluan dan kehendak health-care servis dan kewujudan sumber untuk menyediakan khidmat ini.
Health-care rationing berlaku 3 peringkat.
1) Highest level (macro)
kerajaan menentukan berapa banyak bajet keseluruhan yang diperuntukkan untuk kesihatan; yang mana perbelanjaan kesihatan tidak dikenakan sebarang bayaran dan keperluan pembayaran secara terus daripada pesakit atau plan insuran. Dalam bajet tersebut, berapa banyak yang akan dibayarkan kepada pekerja keshiatan, modal dan perbalanjaan untuk hospital, kajian, pendidikan kesihatan professional, rawatan kondisi yang tertentu seperti tuberculosis atau AIDS dsb.
2) Instituional level (meso)
Termasuklah hospital, klinik, agensi kesihatan, pegawai pergigian, atau autoriti yang lain tentukan berapa banyak yang hndak diperuntukkan utnuk sumber: yang mana servis yang hendak ditawarkan, berpa banyak yang dibelanjakan untuk staff, peralatan, keselamatan, perbelanjaan yang lain, renovasion db.
3) Individual ( micro)
dentist menentukan berapa kali untuk buat radiographic test, simple atau copex treatment, perlu rujukan dentist yang lain.Meskipun ada pengurusan kesihatan yang makin berkembang, dentist ada kebebasan yang mana sumber yang sepatutnya pesakti assess.
Pilihan yang dibuat setiap peringkat, ada major ethical component kerana berdasarkan kepada nilai dan kesan yang signifikan kepada kesihatan dan perkembangan individu dan masyarakat. Dentist terlibat dalam menentukan keputusan di semua peringkat.
Dentist ini diharap untuk bertindak berdasarkan kepada kehendak pesakit. Core ethical values of compassion, competence and autonomyare dircted towards servind thier own patients.. This individualistic approcah ti dental ethics has survived the transition from dentist paternalism to patient autonomy, di mana kehendak pesakit adalam kriteria utama dalam menentukan sumber apa yang perlu dia terima. Walau bagaimanapun, keadilan (justice) jadi isu utk dental decsion making. ia melibatkan pendekatan sosial yang melihat kepada pesakit ynag lain juga. Dentist bukan sahaj bertanggungjawab kepada pesakitnya sahaj tetapi juga kepada yang lain.
Pemahaman baharu tentang tanggunjawab seorang drgigi ini ada termaktub dalam FDI International Principles of Ethics for the Dental Profession di mana
"Dentist perlu sokong dan promote ukuran yang diterima untuk meningkatkan penjagaan mulut masyarakat. "
Satu cara yang dentist boleh aplikasikan tanggungjawab ini dengan cara mengelakkan diri daripada rawatan yang membazirdan yang tidak efektif walaupun datang daripada permintaan pesakit. Terdapat panduan yang untuk rawatan pergigian., mereka membantu untuk membezakan rawatan yang efektif dan tidak efektif. Dentist perlu membiasakan diri mereka dengan panduan ini , kedua-duanya utk memelihara tindakan dan menyediakan rawatan yang optimum kepada pesakit.
Satu keputusan yang dentist perlu ambil adalah dengan memilih pesakit yang memerlukan penjagaan termasuklah mereka yang tidak mampu untuk membayar rawatan tersebut. Dentist mesti memutuskan pesakit mana yang perlukan rawatannya dan yang mana tidak, mengetahui siapa yang tidak menerima rawatannya akan menderita.
Antara pendekatan yang boleh dentist gunakan.
libertarian- resources mesti diedarkan mengikut prinsip pasaran( pilihan individu dengan kemampuan dan kerelaan untuk membayar, dengan kebajikan yang terhad kepada golongan susah.
utilitarian- resources mesti diedarkan mengikut prinsip faedah yang maksimum kepada semua.
egalitarian- resources mesti diedarkan mengikut keperluan
restorative- resources mesti diedarkan so as to favour the historically disadvantaged.
Tidak seperti perubatan, pergigian dulunya telah menggunakan pendekatan libertarian, yang mana diterima oleh kerajaan yang tidak meletakkan penjagaan mulut sebagai prioriti. Walau bagaimanapun, kesedaran terhadap penjagaan oral dan kesihatan secara umumnya kepada masyarakat semakin meningkat. Dari perspektif ini, pendekatan libertarian tidak mencukupi kerana ianya meninggalkan satu bahagian daripada populasi yang tidak mendapat penjagaan mulut dengan baik. Dentist mula menyedari bahawa mereka mempunyai tanggungjawab terhadap golongan ini dan kepada mereka yang menerima rawatan penjagaan mulut dengan baik ( patients). Tanggungjawab ini tidaklah berada di atas bahu dentist semata tetapi memerlukan sokongan daripada badan2 politik untuk menyediakan dana untuk rawatan asas penjagaan mulut kepada mereka yang kurang berkemampuan. Dentist perlu berfikir bagaimana hendak memenuhi keperluan pesakit . Persatuan dr2 gigi perlu memainkan peranan, dengan cara
1) mewujudkan polisi mempromosikan penjagaan kesihatan mulut (universal access)
2) mempengaruhi badan2 politik yang berautoriti untuk memberi dana
Sekiranya pendekatan libertarian ini tidak memenuhi keperluan penjagaan mulut, adakah 3 yang lain boleh mencapai matlamat ini? Tiada persetujuan yang dicapai siapa yang berada di atas siapa ( pendekatan) . Setiap daripada pendekatan itu berbeza hasilnya apabila diaplikasikan dalam isu di atas sama ada pada peringkat macro, meso atau micro. Pendekatan utilitarian bermanfaat untuk health planners, tetapi sukar diamalkan oleh dentist kerana ia memerlukan pengumpulan data yang menghasilkan pelbagai keputusan, bukan hanya pesakit dentist sahaja tetapi kepada semua. Pemilihan antara 2 yang lain bergantung kepada morality dentist dan juga keadaan sosio-poltik tempat dentist bekerja.
USA: libertarian
Sweden: egalitarian
South Africa: restorative approach.
Meskipun dengan perbezaan pendapat ini, 2 atau lebih konsep keadilan ini wujud dalam sistem kesihatan kebangsaan, dan dalam negara ini dentist boleh untuk memilih setting ( wealthy or poor neighbourhood, urban or rural community) mengikut kepada pemilihan pendekatannya.
Setiap negara di dunia ini termasuklah negara kaya, ada gap yang besar antara keperluan dan kehendak health-care servis dan kewujudan sumber untuk menyediakan khidmat ini.
Health-care rationing berlaku 3 peringkat.
1) Highest level (macro)
kerajaan menentukan berapa banyak bajet keseluruhan yang diperuntukkan untuk kesihatan; yang mana perbelanjaan kesihatan tidak dikenakan sebarang bayaran dan keperluan pembayaran secara terus daripada pesakit atau plan insuran. Dalam bajet tersebut, berapa banyak yang akan dibayarkan kepada pekerja keshiatan, modal dan perbalanjaan untuk hospital, kajian, pendidikan kesihatan professional, rawatan kondisi yang tertentu seperti tuberculosis atau AIDS dsb.
2) Instituional level (meso)
Termasuklah hospital, klinik, agensi kesihatan, pegawai pergigian, atau autoriti yang lain tentukan berapa banyak yang hndak diperuntukkan utnuk sumber: yang mana servis yang hendak ditawarkan, berpa banyak yang dibelanjakan untuk staff, peralatan, keselamatan, perbelanjaan yang lain, renovasion db.
3) Individual ( micro)
dentist menentukan berapa kali untuk buat radiographic test, simple atau copex treatment, perlu rujukan dentist yang lain.Meskipun ada pengurusan kesihatan yang makin berkembang, dentist ada kebebasan yang mana sumber yang sepatutnya pesakti assess.
Pilihan yang dibuat setiap peringkat, ada major ethical component kerana berdasarkan kepada nilai dan kesan yang signifikan kepada kesihatan dan perkembangan individu dan masyarakat. Dentist terlibat dalam menentukan keputusan di semua peringkat.
Dentist ini diharap untuk bertindak berdasarkan kepada kehendak pesakit. Core ethical values of compassion, competence and autonomyare dircted towards servind thier own patients.. This individualistic approcah ti dental ethics has survived the transition from dentist paternalism to patient autonomy, di mana kehendak pesakit adalam kriteria utama dalam menentukan sumber apa yang perlu dia terima. Walau bagaimanapun, keadilan (justice) jadi isu utk dental decsion making. ia melibatkan pendekatan sosial yang melihat kepada pesakit ynag lain juga. Dentist bukan sahaj bertanggungjawab kepada pesakitnya sahaj tetapi juga kepada yang lain.
Pemahaman baharu tentang tanggunjawab seorang drgigi ini ada termaktub dalam FDI International Principles of Ethics for the Dental Profession di mana
"Dentist perlu sokong dan promote ukuran yang diterima untuk meningkatkan penjagaan mulut masyarakat. "
Satu cara yang dentist boleh aplikasikan tanggungjawab ini dengan cara mengelakkan diri daripada rawatan yang membazirdan yang tidak efektif walaupun datang daripada permintaan pesakit. Terdapat panduan yang untuk rawatan pergigian., mereka membantu untuk membezakan rawatan yang efektif dan tidak efektif. Dentist perlu membiasakan diri mereka dengan panduan ini , kedua-duanya utk memelihara tindakan dan menyediakan rawatan yang optimum kepada pesakit.
Satu keputusan yang dentist perlu ambil adalah dengan memilih pesakit yang memerlukan penjagaan termasuklah mereka yang tidak mampu untuk membayar rawatan tersebut. Dentist mesti memutuskan pesakit mana yang perlukan rawatannya dan yang mana tidak, mengetahui siapa yang tidak menerima rawatannya akan menderita.
Antara pendekatan yang boleh dentist gunakan.
libertarian- resources mesti diedarkan mengikut prinsip pasaran( pilihan individu dengan kemampuan dan kerelaan untuk membayar, dengan kebajikan yang terhad kepada golongan susah.
utilitarian- resources mesti diedarkan mengikut prinsip faedah yang maksimum kepada semua.
egalitarian- resources mesti diedarkan mengikut keperluan
restorative- resources mesti diedarkan so as to favour the historically disadvantaged.
Tidak seperti perubatan, pergigian dulunya telah menggunakan pendekatan libertarian, yang mana diterima oleh kerajaan yang tidak meletakkan penjagaan mulut sebagai prioriti. Walau bagaimanapun, kesedaran terhadap penjagaan oral dan kesihatan secara umumnya kepada masyarakat semakin meningkat. Dari perspektif ini, pendekatan libertarian tidak mencukupi kerana ianya meninggalkan satu bahagian daripada populasi yang tidak mendapat penjagaan mulut dengan baik. Dentist mula menyedari bahawa mereka mempunyai tanggungjawab terhadap golongan ini dan kepada mereka yang menerima rawatan penjagaan mulut dengan baik ( patients). Tanggungjawab ini tidaklah berada di atas bahu dentist semata tetapi memerlukan sokongan daripada badan2 politik untuk menyediakan dana untuk rawatan asas penjagaan mulut kepada mereka yang kurang berkemampuan. Dentist perlu berfikir bagaimana hendak memenuhi keperluan pesakit . Persatuan dr2 gigi perlu memainkan peranan, dengan cara
1) mewujudkan polisi mempromosikan penjagaan kesihatan mulut (universal access)
2) mempengaruhi badan2 politik yang berautoriti untuk memberi dana
Sekiranya pendekatan libertarian ini tidak memenuhi keperluan penjagaan mulut, adakah 3 yang lain boleh mencapai matlamat ini? Tiada persetujuan yang dicapai siapa yang berada di atas siapa ( pendekatan) . Setiap daripada pendekatan itu berbeza hasilnya apabila diaplikasikan dalam isu di atas sama ada pada peringkat macro, meso atau micro. Pendekatan utilitarian bermanfaat untuk health planners, tetapi sukar diamalkan oleh dentist kerana ia memerlukan pengumpulan data yang menghasilkan pelbagai keputusan, bukan hanya pesakit dentist sahaja tetapi kepada semua. Pemilihan antara 2 yang lain bergantung kepada morality dentist dan juga keadaan sosio-poltik tempat dentist bekerja.
USA: libertarian
Sweden: egalitarian
South Africa: restorative approach.
Meskipun dengan perbezaan pendapat ini, 2 atau lebih konsep keadilan ini wujud dalam sistem kesihatan kebangsaan, dan dalam negara ini dentist boleh untuk memilih setting ( wealthy or poor neighbourhood, urban or rural community) mengikut kepada pemilihan pendekatannya.
Friday, 7 August 2015
Dual loyalty
Bismillah..
Apabila dr gigi mempunyai tanggungjawab dan diperlukan oleh pesakit dan pihak ketiga (third parties) dan apabila tanggungjawab ini tidak dapat dipenuhi menimbulkan masalah 'dual loyalty'. Pihak ketiga demand dr gigi termasuklah kerajaan, majikan, pegawai tentera, pols, pegawai penjara dan ahli keluarga, Apabila Principles of Ethics for Dental Professiion itu bukan lagi menjadi concern , kadang2 dr gigi perlu meletakkan kehendak orang lain melebihi pesakit. Cabaran timbul apabila dr gig terpaksa untuk memutuskan bagaiaman untuk melindungi pesakit daripada pengaurh pihak ketiga.
Dual loyalty terdiri daripada spektrum yang bermula dengan kehendak masyarakat yang sepatutnya diberi keutamaan dan kebajikan pesakit yang sudah terang lagi bersuluh kepentingannya. Antara skala itu, adanya 'grey area' yang memerlukan kecerdikan dr gigi untuk mnegatasai masalah tersebut.
Dari satu sudut, keperluan melaporkan pesakit yang menghidap penyakit yang berjangkit atau kes2 seperti penderaan. Dr gigi perlu memenuhi keperluan ini tanpa rasa berat hati walaupun pesakit sepattunya diberitahu terlebih dahulu akan laporan ini. Dari sudut yang lain pula, arahan daripada pihak polis atau tentera untuk terlibat dalam hal yang mengangg hak2 manusia seperti penderaan. Dalam situasi ini dr gigi perlu memenuhi tanggungjawab professional nya dengan menentukan yang terbaik bagi kehendak pesakit dan sepatutnya memerhati sejauh yang mungkin normal ethical requirements of informed consent and confidentiality. Sekiranya ada pelanggaran dalam requirements ini perlu diadili dan mesti dimaklumkan kepada pesakit. Dr gigi perlu melaporkan kepada pihak berwajib tentang perkara yang tidak adil dalam penjagaan pesakit lagi2 jika hak2 manusia dinafikan. Jika pihak berwajib tidak membalas, boleh rujuk kepada persatuan pergigian negara, FDI dan organisasi hak2 manusia.
Semakin dekat dengan pertengahan spektrum, praktis program pengurusan kesihatan yang menterhadkan autonomi untuk menentukan bagaimana pesakit harus dirawati. Walaupun praktis itu tidak semestinya bertentangan untuk pesakit, dr gigi perlu timbang tara dengan baik sama ada mereka perlu melibatkan diri atau tidak dalam program tersebut, Sekiranya mereka tidak punya pilihan seperti tiada alternatif program, dr gigi perlu memberi sokongan yang kuat kepada pesakitnya dan melalui persatuan pergigian, untuk keperluan pesakit yang dipengaruhi oleh polisi tersebut.
Isu dual loyalty yang dihadapi oleh dentist apabila berlaku konflik kehendak antara organisasi komersial dengan pesakit dan masyarakat. Syarikat farmasi, pengeluar alatan pergigian dan pembekal kerap kali menawarkan dentist hadiah atau keuntungan dengan menawarkan ia dengan percuma atau melancong atau mengadakan program pendidikan sehinggalah gaji yang lumayan terhadap kajian tertentu. Ini dilakukan atas sebab untuk meyakinkan dentist menggunkan produk mereka, yang mana mungkin tidak sesuai untuk pesakit atau tidak diperlukan oleh pesakit yang hanya menambahkan kos rawatan.
Primary ethical principle of dentist:
Dentist mesti selesaikan masalah antara kehendak sendiri dan keadaan pesakit. Dengan lebih spesifik, dentist digalakkan untuk mengikuti nasihat ADA Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct:
Perkara2 yang berkaitan dengan health-related product, tidak mencukupi dentist hanya bergantung kepada pengeluar atau pengedar tenatang keselamatan dan kualiti produk tersebut. Dentist boleh bertanya tentang kebenaran dan ketepatan dakwaan dan menilai berdasarkan ilmu atau kajian saintifik.
Apabila dr gigi mempunyai tanggungjawab dan diperlukan oleh pesakit dan pihak ketiga (third parties) dan apabila tanggungjawab ini tidak dapat dipenuhi menimbulkan masalah 'dual loyalty'. Pihak ketiga demand dr gigi termasuklah kerajaan, majikan, pegawai tentera, pols, pegawai penjara dan ahli keluarga, Apabila Principles of Ethics for Dental Professiion itu bukan lagi menjadi concern , kadang2 dr gigi perlu meletakkan kehendak orang lain melebihi pesakit. Cabaran timbul apabila dr gig terpaksa untuk memutuskan bagaiaman untuk melindungi pesakit daripada pengaurh pihak ketiga.
Dual loyalty terdiri daripada spektrum yang bermula dengan kehendak masyarakat yang sepatutnya diberi keutamaan dan kebajikan pesakit yang sudah terang lagi bersuluh kepentingannya. Antara skala itu, adanya 'grey area' yang memerlukan kecerdikan dr gigi untuk mnegatasai masalah tersebut.
Dari satu sudut, keperluan melaporkan pesakit yang menghidap penyakit yang berjangkit atau kes2 seperti penderaan. Dr gigi perlu memenuhi keperluan ini tanpa rasa berat hati walaupun pesakit sepattunya diberitahu terlebih dahulu akan laporan ini. Dari sudut yang lain pula, arahan daripada pihak polis atau tentera untuk terlibat dalam hal yang mengangg hak2 manusia seperti penderaan. Dalam situasi ini dr gigi perlu memenuhi tanggungjawab professional nya dengan menentukan yang terbaik bagi kehendak pesakit dan sepatutnya memerhati sejauh yang mungkin normal ethical requirements of informed consent and confidentiality. Sekiranya ada pelanggaran dalam requirements ini perlu diadili dan mesti dimaklumkan kepada pesakit. Dr gigi perlu melaporkan kepada pihak berwajib tentang perkara yang tidak adil dalam penjagaan pesakit lagi2 jika hak2 manusia dinafikan. Jika pihak berwajib tidak membalas, boleh rujuk kepada persatuan pergigian negara, FDI dan organisasi hak2 manusia.
Semakin dekat dengan pertengahan spektrum, praktis program pengurusan kesihatan yang menterhadkan autonomi untuk menentukan bagaimana pesakit harus dirawati. Walaupun praktis itu tidak semestinya bertentangan untuk pesakit, dr gigi perlu timbang tara dengan baik sama ada mereka perlu melibatkan diri atau tidak dalam program tersebut, Sekiranya mereka tidak punya pilihan seperti tiada alternatif program, dr gigi perlu memberi sokongan yang kuat kepada pesakitnya dan melalui persatuan pergigian, untuk keperluan pesakit yang dipengaruhi oleh polisi tersebut.
Isu dual loyalty yang dihadapi oleh dentist apabila berlaku konflik kehendak antara organisasi komersial dengan pesakit dan masyarakat. Syarikat farmasi, pengeluar alatan pergigian dan pembekal kerap kali menawarkan dentist hadiah atau keuntungan dengan menawarkan ia dengan percuma atau melancong atau mengadakan program pendidikan sehinggalah gaji yang lumayan terhadap kajian tertentu. Ini dilakukan atas sebab untuk meyakinkan dentist menggunkan produk mereka, yang mana mungkin tidak sesuai untuk pesakit atau tidak diperlukan oleh pesakit yang hanya menambahkan kos rawatan.
Primary ethical principle of dentist:
Dentist mesti selesaikan masalah antara kehendak sendiri dan keadaan pesakit. Dengan lebih spesifik, dentist digalakkan untuk mengikuti nasihat ADA Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct:
Perkara2 yang berkaitan dengan health-related product, tidak mencukupi dentist hanya bergantung kepada pengeluar atau pengedar tenatang keselamatan dan kualiti produk tersebut. Dentist boleh bertanya tentang kebenaran dan ketepatan dakwaan dan menilai berdasarkan ilmu atau kajian saintifik.
Keistimewaan hubungan dr gigi dan masyarakat
Bismillah..
Pegigian in adalah satu profession. Profession ada 2 maksud..
1)pekerjaan yang kena buat baik pada org lain, mempunyai moral yang tingggi, berilmu dan berkemahiran dan ada autonomi yang tinggi.
2) individu yang mempraktikkan pekerjaan ini.
Dental profession boleh membawa maksd
* practice of dentistry
*dentist (in general)
dr gigi bukan hanya berinteraksi dengan pesakit semata . Dr gigi juga terlibat dgn masyarakat. Hubungan ini dinamakan sebagai social contract atau kontrak sosial yang mana masyarakat membenarkan hak keistimewaan profession (privilege)ini termasuklah
* exclusive or primary responsibility for the provision of certain services and high degree of self-regulation.
dan sebagai balasannya, profession bersetuju untuk menggunakan keistimewaan ini untuk memberi keutamaan (manfaat) pada orang lain dan yang kedua baru keutamaan untuk dirinya. (secondarily for its own benefit)
Walaupun kebanyakan dr gigi menyatakan bahawa mereka adalah "private practicioners" pergigian ini merangkumi aktiviti sosial dan individu. Ia mengambil tempat dalam konteks kerajaan ( and corporate regulation and funding. Dr gigi bergantung kepada akademik dan kajian pergigian serta kemajuan produk sebagai asas kepada ilmu dan rawatannya di mana mereka merawat punca utama penyakit yang mana berpunca dari sudut biologinya atau masyarakat.
Teori Hippocrates tidak banyak membincangkan soal hubungan dr gigi dan masyarakat. Untuk mengatasi isu ini dental ethics cuba menaikkan hal ini dan menyediakan kriteria dan proses untuk hadapi isu ini.
Apa makna masyarakat?
Masyarakat merujuk kepada masayarakat atau "nation". Bukan bermakna kerajaan kerana kebiasaanya kerajaaan tidak mewakili kehendak masyarakat dan sekiranya mereka memenuhi kehendak masyarakat ia dipanggil perbuatan untuk masyarakat bukan masyarakat itu sendiri.
Hubungan antara dr gigi dan masyarakat ini pelbagai. Hal ini kerana masyarakat dan keadaan persekitaran fizikalnya adalah faktor yang signifikan yang mempengaruhi kesihatan pesakit. Dental profession dan dr gigi sendiri berperanan dalam kesihatan umum, pendidikan kesihatan, perlindungan persekitaran, undang2 yang mempengaruhi kesihatan atau 'well being' masyarakat dan bukti dalam prosiding mahkamah. Dr gigi berperanan dalam peruntukan masyarakat sebagai sumber penjagaan kesihatan dan bertanggungjawab dalam mengelakkan pesakit daripada rawatan yang tidak layak baginya untuk merawat. Mempraktikkan tanggungjawab ini boleh menimbulkan konflik etics terutamanya kehendak masyarakat yang seolah-olah bermasalah pada individu pesakit. Tambahan lagi, hubungan dr gigi dan masyarakat ini berubah dan perlu review yang berterusan untuk memastikan keperluan masyarakat dapat dipenuhi.
Jenuh jugakla nak menterjemah ni..huhu =,=
Pegigian in adalah satu profession. Profession ada 2 maksud..
1)pekerjaan yang kena buat baik pada org lain, mempunyai moral yang tingggi, berilmu dan berkemahiran dan ada autonomi yang tinggi.
2) individu yang mempraktikkan pekerjaan ini.
Dental profession boleh membawa maksd
* practice of dentistry
*dentist (in general)
dr gigi bukan hanya berinteraksi dengan pesakit semata . Dr gigi juga terlibat dgn masyarakat. Hubungan ini dinamakan sebagai social contract atau kontrak sosial yang mana masyarakat membenarkan hak keistimewaan profession (privilege)ini termasuklah
* exclusive or primary responsibility for the provision of certain services and high degree of self-regulation.
dan sebagai balasannya, profession bersetuju untuk menggunakan keistimewaan ini untuk memberi keutamaan (manfaat) pada orang lain dan yang kedua baru keutamaan untuk dirinya. (secondarily for its own benefit)
Walaupun kebanyakan dr gigi menyatakan bahawa mereka adalah "private practicioners" pergigian ini merangkumi aktiviti sosial dan individu. Ia mengambil tempat dalam konteks kerajaan ( and corporate regulation and funding. Dr gigi bergantung kepada akademik dan kajian pergigian serta kemajuan produk sebagai asas kepada ilmu dan rawatannya di mana mereka merawat punca utama penyakit yang mana berpunca dari sudut biologinya atau masyarakat.
Teori Hippocrates tidak banyak membincangkan soal hubungan dr gigi dan masyarakat. Untuk mengatasi isu ini dental ethics cuba menaikkan hal ini dan menyediakan kriteria dan proses untuk hadapi isu ini.
Apa makna masyarakat?
Masyarakat merujuk kepada masayarakat atau "nation". Bukan bermakna kerajaan kerana kebiasaanya kerajaaan tidak mewakili kehendak masyarakat dan sekiranya mereka memenuhi kehendak masyarakat ia dipanggil perbuatan untuk masyarakat bukan masyarakat itu sendiri.
Hubungan antara dr gigi dan masyarakat ini pelbagai. Hal ini kerana masyarakat dan keadaan persekitaran fizikalnya adalah faktor yang signifikan yang mempengaruhi kesihatan pesakit. Dental profession dan dr gigi sendiri berperanan dalam kesihatan umum, pendidikan kesihatan, perlindungan persekitaran, undang2 yang mempengaruhi kesihatan atau 'well being' masyarakat dan bukti dalam prosiding mahkamah. Dr gigi berperanan dalam peruntukan masyarakat sebagai sumber penjagaan kesihatan dan bertanggungjawab dalam mengelakkan pesakit daripada rawatan yang tidak layak baginya untuk merawat. Mempraktikkan tanggungjawab ini boleh menimbulkan konflik etics terutamanya kehendak masyarakat yang seolah-olah bermasalah pada individu pesakit. Tambahan lagi, hubungan dr gigi dan masyarakat ini berubah dan perlu review yang berterusan untuk memastikan keperluan masyarakat dapat dipenuhi.
J
Friday, 24 July 2015
Does dental ethics change
Bismillah..
There can be a little doubt that some aspects of dental ethics have changed over the years. Until recently dentists had the right and the duty to decide how patients should be treated and there was no obligation to obtain the patient's informed consent. In contrast, the UK General Dental Council now advises dentist that : " It is a general legal and ethical principle that you must get valid consent before starting treatment or physical investigation, or providing personal care, for a patient. This principle reflects the right of patients to determine what happens to their own bodies and is a fundamental part of good practice. " Many individuals now consult the Internet and other sources of health information and are not prepared to accept the recommendations of dentists unless these are fully explained and justified. Although this insistence on informed decision making is far from universal, it does seem to be spreading and is symptomatic of a more general evolution in the patient-dentist relationship that gives rise to different ethical obligations for dentist than previously.
Until recently, dentist generally considered themselves accountable only to themselves, to their colleagues in the dental profession and, for religious believers, to god. Nowadays, they have additional accountabilities- to their patients, to third parties such as managed health care organisations, to dental licensing and regulatory authorities, and often to court of law. These different accountabilities can conflict with one another.
Dental ethics has changed in other ways. Whereas until recently the sole responsibility of dentist was to their individual patients, nowadays it is generally agreed that dentist should also consider the needs of society for example, in allocating scarce health care resources. Moreover advances in dental science and technology raise new ethical issues that cannot be answered by traditional dental ethics. Health informatics and electronic patient records, changing patterns of practice and expensive new devise have great potential for benefiting patients but also potential for harm depending on how they are used. To help dentists decide whether and under what conditions they should utilise these resources, dental associations need to use different analytic methods than simply relying on existing codes of ethics.
Despite these obvious changes in dental ethics, there is widespread agreement among dentists that the fundamental values and ethical principles of dentistry do not, or at least should not change. Since it is inevitable that human beings will always be subject to oral disease, they will continue to have need of compassionate, competent and autonomous dentist to care for them.
Does Dental Ethics Differ from One Country to another?
Just as dental ethics can and does change over time, in response to developments in dental science and technology as well as in societal values, so does it vary from ome country to another depending on these same factors. On advertising for example, there is a significant difference of opinion among national dental associations. Some associations forbid it but others are neutral and still others it under certain conditions. Likewise, regarding access to oralhelath care, some national associations support the equality of all citizens whereas others are willing to tolerate great inequalitues. In some countries there is considerable interest in the ethical issues posed by advances dental technology whereas in countries that do not have access to such technology there ethical issues do not arise.
Dentist in some countries are confident that they will not be forced by their government to do anything unethical while in other countries it may be difficult for them to meet their ethical obligations, for example, to maintain the confidentiality of patients in the face of police or army requirements to report suspicious injuries; any such encouragement of dentist to act unethically shoul be matter of great concern. Although these differences may seem significant, similarities are far greater. Dentist throughout the world have much in common, and when they come together in organisations such as the FDI, they usually achieve agreement on controversial ethical issues, though this often requires lengthy debate. The fundamental values of dental ethics such as compassion, competence and autonomy, along with dentists' experience and skills in all aspects of dentistry, provide a sound basis for analysing ethicaliissues in dentistry and arriving at solutions that are in the best interest of individual patients and citizens and public health in general.
There can be a little doubt that some aspects of dental ethics have changed over the years. Until recently dentists had the right and the duty to decide how patients should be treated and there was no obligation to obtain the patient's informed consent. In contrast, the UK General Dental Council now advises dentist that : " It is a general legal and ethical principle that you must get valid consent before starting treatment or physical investigation, or providing personal care, for a patient. This principle reflects the right of patients to determine what happens to their own bodies and is a fundamental part of good practice. " Many individuals now consult the Internet and other sources of health information and are not prepared to accept the recommendations of dentists unless these are fully explained and justified. Although this insistence on informed decision making is far from universal, it does seem to be spreading and is symptomatic of a more general evolution in the patient-dentist relationship that gives rise to different ethical obligations for dentist than previously.
Until recently, dentist generally considered themselves accountable only to themselves, to their colleagues in the dental profession and, for religious believers, to god. Nowadays, they have additional accountabilities- to their patients, to third parties such as managed health care organisations, to dental licensing and regulatory authorities, and often to court of law. These different accountabilities can conflict with one another.
Dental ethics has changed in other ways. Whereas until recently the sole responsibility of dentist was to their individual patients, nowadays it is generally agreed that dentist should also consider the needs of society for example, in allocating scarce health care resources. Moreover advances in dental science and technology raise new ethical issues that cannot be answered by traditional dental ethics. Health informatics and electronic patient records, changing patterns of practice and expensive new devise have great potential for benefiting patients but also potential for harm depending on how they are used. To help dentists decide whether and under what conditions they should utilise these resources, dental associations need to use different analytic methods than simply relying on existing codes of ethics.
Despite these obvious changes in dental ethics, there is widespread agreement among dentists that the fundamental values and ethical principles of dentistry do not, or at least should not change. Since it is inevitable that human beings will always be subject to oral disease, they will continue to have need of compassionate, competent and autonomous dentist to care for them.
Does Dental Ethics Differ from One Country to another?
Just as dental ethics can and does change over time, in response to developments in dental science and technology as well as in societal values, so does it vary from ome country to another depending on these same factors. On advertising for example, there is a significant difference of opinion among national dental associations. Some associations forbid it but others are neutral and still others it under certain conditions. Likewise, regarding access to oralhelath care, some national associations support the equality of all citizens whereas others are willing to tolerate great inequalitues. In some countries there is considerable interest in the ethical issues posed by advances dental technology whereas in countries that do not have access to such technology there ethical issues do not arise.
Dentist in some countries are confident that they will not be forced by their government to do anything unethical while in other countries it may be difficult for them to meet their ethical obligations, for example, to maintain the confidentiality of patients in the face of police or army requirements to report suspicious injuries; any such encouragement of dentist to act unethically shoul be matter of great concern. Although these differences may seem significant, similarities are far greater. Dentist throughout the world have much in common, and when they come together in organisations such as the FDI, they usually achieve agreement on controversial ethical issues, though this often requires lengthy debate. The fundamental values of dental ethics such as compassion, competence and autonomy, along with dentists' experience and skills in all aspects of dentistry, provide a sound basis for analysing ethicaliissues in dentistry and arriving at solutions that are in the best interest of individual patients and citizens and public health in general.
Who decides what is Ethical
Bismillah..
Ethics is pluralistic. Individuals disagree among themselves about what is right and what is wrong, and even when they agree, it is often for different reasons. In some societies, this disagreement is regarded as normal and there is a great deal freedom of freedom to act however who wants, as long as it does not violate the rights of others. This individual freedom may present a challenge for dentist and their patients, whose ethical differences must be overcome in order to reach their common goal. In more traditional societies, there is greater agreement on ethics and greater social pressure, sometimes back by laws, to act in certain ways rather than others. In such societies culture and religion often play a dominant role in determining ethical behaviour.
The answer to the question," who decides what is ethical for people in general?" therefore varies from one society to another and even within the same society. In liberal societies, individuals have a great deal of freedom to decide for themselves what is ethical, although they will likely be influenced by their families, friends, religion, the media and other external sources. In more traditional societies, family and clan elders, religious authorities and political leaders usually have a greater role than individuals in determining what is ethical.
Despite these differences, it seems that human beings everywhere can agree on some fundamental ethical principles, namely the basic human rights proclaimed in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other widely accepted and officially endorsed documents. The human rights that are especially important for dental ethics include the rights to freedom from discrimination, to freedom of opinion and expression, to equal access to public services in one's country and to health care.
For dentist, the question, "who decides what is ethical?" has until recently had a somewhat different answer than for people in general. During the past two centuries the dental profession has developed its own standards of behaviour for its members, which are expressed in codes of ethics and related policy documents. At a global level, FDI has set forth a broad range of ethical statements that specify the behaviour required of dentist no matter where they live and practice. In many, if not most, countries dental association have been responsible for developing and enforcing the applicable ethical standards. Depending on the country's approach to health law, these standards may have legal status.
The dental profession's privilege of being able to determine its own ethical standards has never been absolute, however. For example:
Dentist have always been subject to the general laws of land and have sometimes been punished for acting contrary to these laws.
Some dental organisations are strongly influenced by religious teachings, which impose additional obligations on their members besides those applicable to all dentist.
In many countries the organisations that set the standards for dentists' behaviour ad monitor their compliance now have a significant non-dentist membership.
The ethical directives of dental associations are general in nature; they cannot deal with every situation that dentists might face in their practice. In most situations, dentist have to decide for themselves what is the right way to act, but in making such decisions, it is helpful to know what other dentist in similar situatins. Dental codes of ethics and policy statements reflect a general consensus about the way dentist should act and they should be followed unless there are good reasons for acting otherwise.
Ethics is pluralistic. Individuals disagree among themselves about what is right and what is wrong, and even when they agree, it is often for different reasons. In some societies, this disagreement is regarded as normal and there is a great deal freedom of freedom to act however who wants, as long as it does not violate the rights of others. This individual freedom may present a challenge for dentist and their patients, whose ethical differences must be overcome in order to reach their common goal. In more traditional societies, there is greater agreement on ethics and greater social pressure, sometimes back by laws, to act in certain ways rather than others. In such societies culture and religion often play a dominant role in determining ethical behaviour.
The answer to the question," who decides what is ethical for people in general?" therefore varies from one society to another and even within the same society. In liberal societies, individuals have a great deal of freedom to decide for themselves what is ethical, although they will likely be influenced by their families, friends, religion, the media and other external sources. In more traditional societies, family and clan elders, religious authorities and political leaders usually have a greater role than individuals in determining what is ethical.
Despite these differences, it seems that human beings everywhere can agree on some fundamental ethical principles, namely the basic human rights proclaimed in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other widely accepted and officially endorsed documents. The human rights that are especially important for dental ethics include the rights to freedom from discrimination, to freedom of opinion and expression, to equal access to public services in one's country and to health care.
For dentist, the question, "who decides what is ethical?" has until recently had a somewhat different answer than for people in general. During the past two centuries the dental profession has developed its own standards of behaviour for its members, which are expressed in codes of ethics and related policy documents. At a global level, FDI has set forth a broad range of ethical statements that specify the behaviour required of dentist no matter where they live and practice. In many, if not most, countries dental association have been responsible for developing and enforcing the applicable ethical standards. Depending on the country's approach to health law, these standards may have legal status.
The dental profession's privilege of being able to determine its own ethical standards has never been absolute, however. For example:
Dentist have always been subject to the general laws of land and have sometimes been punished for acting contrary to these laws.
Some dental organisations are strongly influenced by religious teachings, which impose additional obligations on their members besides those applicable to all dentist.
In many countries the organisations that set the standards for dentists' behaviour ad monitor their compliance now have a significant non-dentist membership.
The ethical directives of dental associations are general in nature; they cannot deal with every situation that dentists might face in their practice. In most situations, dentist have to decide for themselves what is the right way to act, but in making such decisions, it is helpful to know what other dentist in similar situatins. Dental codes of ethics and policy statements reflect a general consensus about the way dentist should act and they should be followed unless there are good reasons for acting otherwise.
Sunday, 19 July 2015
FDI World Dental Federation International Principles of Ethics for the Dental Profession
Bismillah..
should be considered as guidelines for every dentist. These guidelines cannot cover all local, national, traditions, legislation or circumstances.
The professional dentist:
should be considered as guidelines for every dentist. These guidelines cannot cover all local, national, traditions, legislation or circumstances.
The professional dentist:
- will practice according to the art and science of dentistry and to the principles of humanity
- will safeguard the oral health of patients irrespective of other individual status.
The primary duty of dentist is to safeguard the oral health of patients. However the dentist has the right to decline to treat a patient, except for the provision of emergency care, for humanitarian reasons or where the laws of the country dictate otherwise.
- should refer for advice and/or treatment any patient requiring a level of competence beyond that held
- must ensure professional confidentiality of all information about patients and their treatment.
- the dentist must ensure that all staff respect patients confidentiality except where the laws of the country dictate otherwise.
- must accept responsibility for, and utilise dental auxiliaries strictly according to the law.
The dentist must accept full responsibility for all treatment undertaken, and no treatment or service should be delegated to a person who is not qualified or is not legally permitted to undertake this.
- must deal ethically in all aspects of professional life and adhere to rules of professional law.
- should continue to develop professional knowledge and skills.
- should support oral health promotion
- The dentist should behave towards all members of the oral health team in a professional manner and should be willing to assist colleagues professionally and maintain respect for divergence of professional opinion.
- should act in a manner which will enhance the prestige and reputation of the profession.
What's special about Dental Ethics
Bismillah..
Compassion, competence and autonomy are not exclusive to dentistry. However, the practice of dentistry requires dentists to exemplify these values to a higher degree than in other occupations, icluding some other professions.
Compassion
defines as understanding and concern for another person's distress, is essential for the practice of dentistry. In order to deal with the patient's problems, the dentist must identify the symptoms that the patient is experiencing and their underlying causes and must want to help the patient achieve relief. Patients respond better to treatment if they perceive that the dentist appreciates their concerns and is treating them rather than just their illness.
Competence
A lack of competence can have serious consequences for patients, Dentist undergo a long training period to ensure competence, but considering the rapid advance of dental knowledge, it is a continual challenge for them to maintain their competence. Moreover, it is not just their scientific knowledge and technical skills that they have develop and maintain but their ethical knowledge, skills and attitudes as well, since new ethical issues arise with changes in dental practice and its social and political environment
Autonomy
Self-determination, is the core value of dentistry that has evolved the most over the years. Individual dentists have traditionally enjoyed a high degree of clinical autonomy in deciding where and how to practice. Dentist collectively (the dental profession) have been free to determine the standards of dental education and dental practice. As do physicians, dentists consider that clinical and professional autonomy benefits not just themselves but patients as well, since it frees dentist from government and corporate restraints on providing optimal treatment for patients. Government and other authorities are increasingly restricting the autonomy of dentist. Nevertheless, dentists still value their autonomy and try to preserve it as much as possible. At the same time, there has been a widespread acceptance by dentists worldwide of patient autonomy, which means that patients should be the ultimate decision makers in matters that affects themselves.
Beside its adherence to these 3 core values, dental ethics differs from the general ethics applicable for everyone by being publicly proclaimed in a code of ethics or similar document. Codes vary from one country to another and even within countries, but they have many common features, including commitments that dentist will consider the interest of their patients above their own, will not discriminate against patients on the basis of race, religion or other human rights grounds and will protect the confidentiality of patient information. In 1997, the FDI adopted International Principles of Ethics for the Dental Profession for dentists everywhere.
Compassion, competence and autonomy are not exclusive to dentistry. However, the practice of dentistry requires dentists to exemplify these values to a higher degree than in other occupations, icluding some other professions.
Compassion
defines as understanding and concern for another person's distress, is essential for the practice of dentistry. In order to deal with the patient's problems, the dentist must identify the symptoms that the patient is experiencing and their underlying causes and must want to help the patient achieve relief. Patients respond better to treatment if they perceive that the dentist appreciates their concerns and is treating them rather than just their illness.
Competence
A lack of competence can have serious consequences for patients, Dentist undergo a long training period to ensure competence, but considering the rapid advance of dental knowledge, it is a continual challenge for them to maintain their competence. Moreover, it is not just their scientific knowledge and technical skills that they have develop and maintain but their ethical knowledge, skills and attitudes as well, since new ethical issues arise with changes in dental practice and its social and political environment
Autonomy
Self-determination, is the core value of dentistry that has evolved the most over the years. Individual dentists have traditionally enjoyed a high degree of clinical autonomy in deciding where and how to practice. Dentist collectively (the dental profession) have been free to determine the standards of dental education and dental practice. As do physicians, dentists consider that clinical and professional autonomy benefits not just themselves but patients as well, since it frees dentist from government and corporate restraints on providing optimal treatment for patients. Government and other authorities are increasingly restricting the autonomy of dentist. Nevertheless, dentists still value their autonomy and try to preserve it as much as possible. At the same time, there has been a widespread acceptance by dentists worldwide of patient autonomy, which means that patients should be the ultimate decision makers in matters that affects themselves.
Beside its adherence to these 3 core values, dental ethics differs from the general ethics applicable for everyone by being publicly proclaimed in a code of ethics or similar document. Codes vary from one country to another and even within countries, but they have many common features, including commitments that dentist will consider the interest of their patients above their own, will not discriminate against patients on the basis of race, religion or other human rights grounds and will protect the confidentiality of patient information. In 1997, the FDI adopted International Principles of Ethics for the Dental Profession for dentists everywhere.
Principles Features Of Dental Ethics
Bismillah..
What's special about dentistry?
People come to dentists for help with some of their most pressing needs-relief from pain and suffering and restoration of oral health and well-being. They allow dentist to see, touch, and manipulate their bodies and they disclose information about themselves that they would not others to know. They do this because they trust their dentist to act in their best interest.
Dentistry is a recognised profession. At the same time, however it is a commercial enterprise, whereby dentists employ their skills to earn a living. There is potential tension between two aspects of dentistry and maintaining an appropriate balance between them is often difficult.Some dentist may be tempted to minimise their commitment to professionalism in order to increase their income, for example by aggrasive advertising and/or specialising in lucrative cosmetics procedures. If taken too far, such activities can diminish the public's respect for and trust in the entire dental profession,with the results that dentist will be regarded as just another set of enterpreneurs who place their own interest above those of the people they serve. Such behaviour is in conflict with the requirement of the FDI International Principles of Ethics for the Dental Profession that " the dentist should act in a manner which will enhance the prestige and reputation of the profession"
Because the commercial aspect of dentistry sometimes seems to prevail over the professional aspect, the status of dentist is deteriorating in some countries. Patient who used to accept dentist's advice unquestioningly sometimes ask dentists to defend their recommendations if these are different from other oral health practicioners or the internet. If they are dissatisfied with the results of dental treatment, no matter what the cause, an increasing number of patients are turning to tHe courts to obtain their compensation from dentist. Moreover, many dentists feel that they are no longer as respected as they once were. In some countries, control of oral health care has moved steadily away from dentist to non-dental managers and bureucarts, some of whom tend to see dentist as obstacles to rather than partners in the provision of health care for all in need. Some procedures that formerly only dentist were capable of performing are done by dental hygienists, therapist, assistants or denturists
Despite these changes impinging on the status of dentist, dentistry continues to be a profession that is highly valued by the people who need its services. It also continues o attract large numbers of the most gifted, hardworking and dedicated students.In order to meet the expectations of the patients, students and general public, it is important that dentists know and exemplify the core values of dentistry, especially compassion, competence and autonomy. These values, along with respect for fundamental human rights, serve as the foundation of dental ethics.
What's special about dentistry?
People come to dentists for help with some of their most pressing needs-relief from pain and suffering and restoration of oral health and well-being. They allow dentist to see, touch, and manipulate their bodies and they disclose information about themselves that they would not others to know. They do this because they trust their dentist to act in their best interest.
Dentistry is a recognised profession. At the same time, however it is a commercial enterprise, whereby dentists employ their skills to earn a living. There is potential tension between two aspects of dentistry and maintaining an appropriate balance between them is often difficult.Some dentist may be tempted to minimise their commitment to professionalism in order to increase their income, for example by aggrasive advertising and/or specialising in lucrative cosmetics procedures. If taken too far, such activities can diminish the public's respect for and trust in the entire dental profession,with the results that dentist will be regarded as just another set of enterpreneurs who place their own interest above those of the people they serve. Such behaviour is in conflict with the requirement of the FDI International Principles of Ethics for the Dental Profession that " the dentist should act in a manner which will enhance the prestige and reputation of the profession"
Because the commercial aspect of dentistry sometimes seems to prevail over the professional aspect, the status of dentist is deteriorating in some countries. Patient who used to accept dentist's advice unquestioningly sometimes ask dentists to defend their recommendations if these are different from other oral health practicioners or the internet. If they are dissatisfied with the results of dental treatment, no matter what the cause, an increasing number of patients are turning to tHe courts to obtain their compensation from dentist. Moreover, many dentists feel that they are no longer as respected as they once were. In some countries, control of oral health care has moved steadily away from dentist to non-dental managers and bureucarts, some of whom tend to see dentist as obstacles to rather than partners in the provision of health care for all in need. Some procedures that formerly only dentist were capable of performing are done by dental hygienists, therapist, assistants or denturists
Despite these changes impinging on the status of dentist, dentistry continues to be a profession that is highly valued by the people who need its services. It also continues o attract large numbers of the most gifted, hardworking and dedicated students.In order to meet the expectations of the patients, students and general public, it is important that dentists know and exemplify the core values of dentistry, especially compassion, competence and autonomy. These values, along with respect for fundamental human rights, serve as the foundation of dental ethics.
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